Standards/platforms
A sub-optimal standard persisting Qwerty keyboard
Winning a standards war VHS vs Betamax
Closed vs Open platform Mac vs Windows vs Linux

Growth routes
Adding services to products GE/IBM

Unbundling of distribution and content Newspapers, Telcos, TC channel

Business models
Razor/blade model HP/Gilette/U-Haul

Amazon – leveraging assets into other businesses

Etsy – Mass customisation

Lego – users become product developers

Threadless – community-sourcing T-shirt designs; weightless business model

Xerox in the 1950s – leasing, not selling equipment

start-up strategy
Solving chicken & Egg Facebook
Free penetration them commercialise Google/Twitter/Facebook
Free-mium FT/Dropbox/Survey Monkey
Outsource everything Threadless
Beg, Borrow and Steal key IP Microsoft and MSDos

Competitive strategy
Bundling as a competitive weapon Microsoft Windows and Internet Explorer vs Netscape
Locking up capacity Apple iPod buying up hard drive capacity

Analogies from outside business

Lego bricks
Spread of an infectious disease
Evolution